Biomedical Engineers Blog

Evidence based medicine  Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) , is that clinical care should be guided by the best scientific evidence.  addition to this evidence influence medical decision-making when evidence is used in a decision, it should be of the highest quality. In fact, EBM is really just a set of tools to inform clinical decision-making. It allows clinical experience (art) to be integrated with best clinical science. Also, EBM makes the medical literature more clinically applicable and relevant. In addition, it requires the user to be facile with computers and IR systems. There are many well-known resources for EBM.  process of e vidence based medicine The process of EBM involves three general steps: l Phrasing a clinical question that is pertinent and answerable  l Identifying evidence (studies in articles) that address the question  l Critically appraising the evidence to determine whether it applies to the patient The phrasing of the clinical question is

Bio potential amplifiers Biosignals Biosignals are recorded as potentials, voltages, and electrical field strengths generated by  nerves and muscles. The measurements involve voltages at very low levels, typically  ranging between 1 μV and 100 mV, with high source impedances and superimposed high level interference signals and noise. The signals need to be amplified to make them compatible with devices such as displays, recorders, or A/D converters for computerized equipment. Amplifiers adequate to measure these signals have to satisfy very specific requirements. They have to provide amplification selective to the physiological signal, reject superimposed noise and interference signals, and guarantee protection from damages through voltage and current surges for both patient and electronic equipment. Amplifiers featuring these specifications are known as biopotential amplifiers . Basic requirements and features of bio potential amplifiers , as well as some specialized systems,

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fmri   Treatment of a tumor depends on its type, grade, stage, and anatomical location. In this case, its position is such that therapy such as surgery or radiation. Before proceeding to a needle biopsy, which itself could impose a risk to reading vision, Two non-invasive MRI-based studies that would help to determine the distance of optically active regions from the apparent tumor. contrast in fmri image Functional magnetic resonance imaging The first was functional MRI (fMRI) . While oxyhemoglobin is magnetically practically neutral (diamagnetic), deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic, producing a small additional magnetic presence when the molecule happens to be sitting in a strong magnetic field. When brain tissues are active, they consume extra oxygen and transform oxyhemoglobin into deoxyhemoglobin, and fMRI can detect where such changes are occurring; this provides an altogether different type of MRI contrast. In an fMRI study, a s

Force Transfer in Tendons and Ligaments The mechanical behavior of tendons and ligaments has both a time-independent (or equilibrium) response and a time-dependent (or viscoelastic) response. The equilibrium elastic response is experimentally measured using slow strain rates or stress relaxation and creep testing, whereby step displacements or loading are applied and equilibrium values are obtained . The elastic response arises primarily from stretching and interactions of the solid phase components. However, the level of hydration also modulates equilibrium elastic response. Force Transfer in Tendons and Ligaments Force Transfer in Tendons and Ligaments  The viscoelastic response is experimentally measured by performing mechanical testing at varied strain rates, stress relaxation testing, creep testing, and harmonic testing . The viscoelastic response is attributed to both fluid flow-dependent and fluid flow-independent effects. Flow-independent effects refer to an intri

Developing a nano bio model system for rational design in nanomedicine Nanomaterials with dimensions comparable with cell compartments, which are in the sub- micron or nano size domain, have unparalleled advantages in biomedical applications. The simple size compatibility allows us to use nanomaterials as small probes to decipher cellular machinery with minimal interference.. A wide range of nanomaterials including liposomes, polymeric micelles , quantum dots,carbon nanotubes , gold nanostructures (e.g. nanospheres, nanoshells, nanocages and nanorods, and nanowires  have shown exciting potential as imaging and sensing probes, drug and gene delivery carriers, and therapeutic agents. Although much progress has been made in this nano- bio direction, the translation of nanomedicine based on these nanostructures to a clinical setting has been hampered by the limited fundamental knowledge of the interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems. Understanding the interactions of